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Movement Disorders
Corticobasal Degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurological disease in which parts of the brain deteriorate. CBD is also known as corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, or CBGD.
Dyskinesias (Paroxysmal)
Paroxysmal dyskinesias are neurologic conditions characterized by sudden episodes of abnormal involuntary movements or hyperkinesias.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions, usually producing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions.
Cervical Dystonia
Cervical dystonia (CD) is a focal dystonia characterized by abnormal movements or postures of the neck and head.
Essential Tremor
Essential tremor or ET is a common movement disorder characterized by involuntary, rhythmic oscillatory movements resulting from alternating or irregularly synchronous contractions of antagonist muscles.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of genetic, degenerative disorders of the spinal cord characterized by progressive paraplegia and spasticity of the legs.
Huntington's Disease
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the development of emotional, behavioral, and psychiatric abnormalities; loss of previously acquired intellectual or cognitive functioning; and motor disturbances.
Multiple System Atrophy
Multiple system atrophy or MSA is a neurodegenerative disease marked by a combination of symptoms affecting movement, blood pressure, and other body functions.
Myoclonus
Myoclonus is a neurologic condition characterized by sudden, abrupt, brief, involuntary, jerk-like contractions of a muscle or muscle group.
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological movement disorder associated with bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rapidly progressing degenerative disease whose cause is unknown. Degeneration of cells in several brain areas causes a variety of motor symptoms, including postural instability and frequent falls, difficulty swallowing and speaking, and slowed movements.
Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequently misdiagnosed neurologic movement disorder characterized by distinctive sensory and motor abnormalities, including unpleasant sensations relieved by movement.
Rett Syndrome
Rett syndrome (RS) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental regression, loss of communication abilities, and motor difficulties.
Spasticity
Spasticity is a velocity-dependent increase in stretch reflexes that is part of the upper motor neuron syndrome. It may be accompanied by clonus and spasms.
Sydenham's Chorea
Sydenham's chorea is a neurologic movement disorder characterized by irregular, abrupt, relatively rapid involuntary muscle movements of the face, neck, trunk, and limbs.
Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder that may result from extended therapy with certain antipsychotic medications such as haloperidol. The condition is characterized by involuntary, rhythmic movements of the face, jaw, mouth, and tongue, such as lip pursing, chewing movements, or protrusion of the tongue.
Tourette's Syndrome
Tics are repetitive, stereotyped, and sometimes complex involuntary movements or sounds that may appear similar to purposeful actions. Tourette's syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurobehavioral disorder characterized by sudden, involuntary, repetitive muscle movements and vocalizations.
Wilson Disease
Wilson disease, also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is a rare inherited systemic disorder of copper metabolism.
Pediatric Movement Disorders
Ataxia
Ataxia is the inability to make smooth, accurate, and coordinated movements, often due to disease of the cerebellum.
Bradykinesia
Bradykinesia is an extreme slowness and stiffness of movement, often due to parkinsonian syndromes.
Chorea and Choreoathetosis
Choreoathetosis is a syndrome of continuous random movements that usually occur at rest and may appear to be fidgety, dancing, or writhing.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a syndrome of abnormal muscle contractions that lead to twisting, jerking, spasms, or stiffening at rest or during attempts at movement.
Myoclonus
Myoclonus is a condition of very rapid and brief shock-like jerks.
Psychogenic Disorders
Psychogenic disorders span the full range of possible symptoms, including tremor, dystonia, ataxia, bradykinesia, and chorea.
Spasticity
Spasticity is an increase in muscle stiffness that worsens with rapid movement and may be associated with increased reflexes and weakness, often due to cerebral palsy.
Tics
Tics are repetitive, stereotyped, and sometimes complex involuntary movements or sounds that may appear similar to purposeful actions.
Tremor
Tremor is a rhythmic back-and-forth shaking at rest or with movement.
Pediatric Diagnostic Methods
When evaluating a child with a possible neurologic movement disorder, there are many different diagnostic tests and varied approaches to using these tests. No single set of tests is appropriate for every child. Some children require extensive testing, while others entering evaluation may receive a diagnosis after a single clinic visit. Consultation with a child neurologist is essential in order to avoid unnecessary, expensive, or confusing testing. In some cases, consultation with other subspecialists may be needed.
Pediatric Treatments
Anatomy and Physiology
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