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Myoclonus

References

Classification of Myoclonus

  1. Caviness JN. Myoclonus. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71(7):679-688.
  2. Assal F, Magistris MR, Vingerhoets FJ. Post-traumatic stimulus suppressible myoclonus of peripheral origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64(5):673-675.

Etiologic Classification

  1. Lundemo G, Persson HE. Hereditary essential myoclonus. Acta Neurol Scand 1985;72(2):176-179.
  2. Manganotti P, Tamburin S, Zanette G, Fiaschi A. Hyperexcitable cortical responses in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: a TMS study. Neurology 2001;57(10):1793-1799.
  3. Frei KP, Schiffmann R. Myoclonus in Gaucher disease. Adv Neurol 2002;89:41-482.
  4. Rapin I. Myoclonus in neuronal storage and Lafora diseases. Adv Neurol 1986;43:65-853.
  5. Lukong KE, Elsliger MA, Chang Y, et al. Characterization of the sialidase molecular defects in sialidosis patients suggests the structural organization of the lysosomal multienzyme complex. Hum Mol Genet 2000;9(7):1075-1085.
  6. Lauterbach EC. Hiccup and apparent myoclonus after hydrocodone: review of the opiate-related hiccup and myoclonus literature. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999;22(2):87-92.
  7. Ferris DJ. Controlling myoclonus after high-dosage morphine infusions. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56(10):1009-1010.
  8. Faura CC, Moore RA, Horga JF, Hand CW, McQuay HJ. Morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide plasma concentrations and effect in cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;11(2):95-102.
  9. Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, Andermann E, D'Agostino D, Andermann F. Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol 2001;58(5):781-786.
  10. Janszky J, Rasonyi G, Halasz P, et al. Disabling erratic myoclonus during lamotrigine therapy with high serum levelÑreport of two cases. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000;23(2):86-89.
  11. Jimenez-Huete A, Gil-Nagel A, Franch O. Multifocal myoclonus associated with mefloquine chemoprophylaxis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25(5):243.
  12. Marinella MA. Myoclonus and generalized seizures associated with gatifloxacin treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(18):2261-2262.
  13. Hui AC, Wong TY, Chow KM, Szeto CC. Multifocal myoclonus secondary to tranexamic acid. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(4):547.
  14. Gordon MF. Toxin and drug-induced myoclonus. Adv Neurol 2002;89:49-76.
  15. Warren JD, Kimber TE, Thompson PD. Brainstem myoclonus in generalised tetanus. Mov Disord 2003;18(10):1204-1206.
  16. Espay AJ, Ashby P, Hanajima R, Jog MS, Lang AE. Unique form of propriospinal myoclonus as a possible complication of an enteropathogenic toxin. Mov Disord 2003;18(8):942-948.
  17. Razavi B. Baking soda toxicity. Am J Med 2000;108(9):756-757.
  18. Dietrich W, Erbguth F. Neurological complications of inflammatory intestinal diseases. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2003;71(8):406-414.
  19. Symonds CP. Nocturnal myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1953;16:166-171.
  20. Lugaresi E, Tassinari CA, Coccagna G, et al. ParticularitŽs cliniques et polygraphiques du syndrome d'impatience des membres inferieurs. Rev Neurol 1965;113:545-555.
  21. Bruno RL. Abnormal movements in sleep as a post-polio sequelae. Am J Phys Med Rehabil Jul-Aug 1998;77(4):339-343.
  22. Kock N, Kasten M, SchŸle B, et al. Clinical and genetic features of myoclonus-dystonia in 3 cases: A video presentation. Mov Disord 2004;19(2):231-234.
  23. Doheny D, Danisi F, Smith C, et al. Clinical findings of a myoclonus-dystonia family with two distinct mutations. Neurology 2002;59(8):1244-1246.

Pathophysiology

  1. Pappert EJ, Goetz CG, Vu TQ, et al. Animal model of posthypoxic myoclonus: effects of serotonergic antagonists. Neurology 1999;52(1):16-21.
  2. Matsumoto RR, Truong DD, Nguyen KD, et al. Involvement of GABA(A) receptors in myoclonus. Mov Disord 2000;15 Suppl 1:47-52.
  3. Pranzatelli MR. The pharmacology of antimyoclonic drugs. Clin Neurosci 1995;3(4):246-252.
  4. Tijssen MA, Thom M, Ellison DW, et al. Cortical myoclonus and cerebellar pathology. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1350-1356.
  5. Larner AJ, Elkington P, Mehta H, d'Arrigo C, Scaravilli F, Rudge P. Multifocal cortical myoclonus and cerebral amyloid beta-peptide angiopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(6):951-952.
  6. Lehericy S, Grand S, Pollak P, et al. Clinical characteristics and topography of lesions in movement disorders due to thalamic lesions. Neurology. 2001;57(6):1055-1066.
  7. Kompoliti K, Goetz CG, Vu TQ, Carvey PM, Leurgans S, Raman R. Estrogen supplementation in the posthypoxic myoclonus rat model. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24(1):58-61.
  8. Grosse P, Kuhn A, Cordivari C, Brown P. Coherence analysis in the myoclonus of corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord. 2003;18(11):1345-1350.
  9. Bansal B, Singh P, Shukla R. Palatal myoclonus following head injury: letter to the editor. Neurol India. 2002;50(2):222-223.
  10. Assal F, Magistris MR, Vingerhoets FJ. Post-traumatic stimulus suppressible myoclonus of peripheral origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(5):673-675.
  11. Simon ES. Involvement of glycine and GABAA receptors in the pathogenesis of spinal myoclonus: in vitro studies in the isolated neonatal rodent spinal cord. Neurology. 1995;45(10):1883-1892.
  12. Keswani SC, Kossoff EH, Krauss GL, Hagerty C. Amelioration of spinal myoclonus with levetiracetam. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(4):457-458.
  13. Tsao JW, Cooper EC. Reflex-sensitive spinal segmental myoclonus associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurology. 2003;61(6):867-868.
  14. Pelak VS, Galetta SL, Grossman RI, Townsend JJ, Volpe NJ. Evidence for preganglionic pupillary involvement in superficial siderosis. Neurology. 1999;53(5):1130-1132.
  15. Nogues MA, Leiguarda RC, Rivero AD, Salvat F, Manes F. Involuntary movements and abnormal spontaneous EMG activity in syringomyelia and syringobulbia. Neurology. 1999;52(4):823-834.
  16. Pranzatelli MR. The immunopharmacology of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19(1):1-47.
  17. Razavi B. Baking soda toxicity. Am J Med 2000;108(9):756-757.
  18. Oguro K, Kobayashi J, Aiba H, Hojo H. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome with abnormal single photon emission computed tomography imaging. Pediatr Neurol. 1997;16(4):334-336.
  19. Glatz K, Meinck HM, Wildemann B. Parainfectious opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: high dose intravenous immunoglobulins are effective. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(2):279-280.
  20. Averbuch-Heller L, Remler B. Opsoclonus. Semin Neurol. 1996;16(1):21-26.
  21. Noetzel MJ, Cawley LP, James VL, Minard BJ, Agrawal HC. Anti-neurofilament protein antibodies in opsoclonus-myoclonus. J Neuroimmunol. 1987;15(2):137-145.
  22. Connolly AM, Pestronk A, Mehta S, Pranzatelli MR, 3rd, Noetzel MJ. Serum autoantibodies in childhood opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: an analysis of antigenic targets in neural tissues. J Pediatr. 1997;130(6):878-884.
  23. Antunes NL, Khakoo Y, Matthay KK, et al. Antineuronal antibodies in patients with neuroblastoma and paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2000;22(4):315-320.

Epidemiology

  1. Caviness JN. Epidemiology of myoclonus. Adv Neurol 2002;89:19-22.
  2. Caviness JN, Alving LI, Maraganore DM, Black RA, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA. The incidence and prevalence of myoclonus in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74(6):565-569.
  3. Norio R, Koskiniemi M. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy: genetic and nosological aspects with special reference to 107 Finnish patients. Clin Genet 1979;15(5):382-398.
  4. Chen JY, Stern Y, Sano M, Mayeux R. Cumulative risks of developing extrapyramidal signs, psychosis, or myoclonus in the course of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1991;48(11):1141-1143.
  5. Will RG. Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Br Med Bull 1993;49(4):960-970.
  6. Grosse P, Kuhn A, Cordivari C, Brown P. Coherence analysis in the myoclonus of corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 2003;18(11):1345-1350.
  7. Licht DJ, Lynch DR. Juvenile dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy: new clinical features. Pediatr Neurol 2002;26(1):51-54.
  8. Bruno RL. Abnormal movements in sleep as a post-polio sequelae. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1998;77(4):339-343.
  9. Auger RG, Whisnant JP. Hemifacial spasm in Rochester and Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1960 to 1984. Arch Neurol 1990;47(11):1233-1234.

Diagnosis

  1. Frucht SJ, Leurgans SE, Hallett M, Fahn S. The Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale. Adv Neurol. 2002;89:361-376.
  2. Paulson GW, Reider CR. Movement disorders in childhood. In: Watts RL, Koller WC, eds. Movement Disorders: Neurologic Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Co., Inc.; 1997:661-666.

Treatment

  1. Genton P, Guerrini R, Remy C. Piracetam in the treatment of cortical myoclonus. Pharmacopsychiatry 1999;32 Suppl 1:49-53.
  2. Frucht SJ, Louis ED, Chuang C, Fahn S. A pilot tolerability and efficacy study of levetiracetam in patients with chronic myoclonus. Neurology 2001;57(6):1112-1114.
  3. Schauer R, Singer M, Saltuari L, Kofler M. Suppression of cortical myoclonus by levetiracetam. Mov Disord 2002;17(2):411-415.
  4. Krauss GL, Bergin A, Kramer RE, Cho YW, Reich SG. Suppression of post-hypoxic and post-encephalitic myoclonus with levetiracetam. Neurology 2001;56(3):411-412.
  5. Genton P, Gelisse P. Suppression of post-hypoxic and post-encephalitic myoclonus with levetiracetam. Neurology. 2001;57(6):1144-1145.
  6. Boccella P, Striano P, Zara F, et al. Bioptically demonstrated Lafora disease without EPM2A mutation: a clinical and neurophysiological study of two sisters. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003;106(1):55-59.
  7. Imperiale D, Bortolotto S, Cucatto A, Schiffer P, Cassano D, Buffa C. Levetiracetam control of myoclonus in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur Neurol 2003;49(3):189-190.
  8. Gelisse P, Crespel A, Genton P, Baldy-Moulinier M. Dramatic effect of levetiracetam on epileptic negative myoclonus. Acta Neurol Scand 2003;107(4):302-303.
  9. Keswani SC, Kossoff EH, Krauss GL, Hagerty C. Amelioration of spinal myoclonus with levetiracetam. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73(4):457-458.
  10. Evidente VG, Caviness JN, Adler CH. Case studies in movement disorders. Semin Neurol. 2003;23(3):277-284.
  11. Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, Andermann E, D'Agostino D, Andermann F. Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol 2001;58(5):781-786.
  12. Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Galvan I, Wheeler A. Controlled pilot study of piracetam for pediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus. Clin Neuropharmacol 2001;24(6):352-357.
  13. Jan JE, Connolly MB, Hamilton D, Freeman RD, Laudon M. Melatonin treatment of non-epileptic myoclonus in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999;41(4):255-259.
  14. Pranzatelli MR. The immunopharmacology of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1996;19(1):1-47.
  15. Glatz K, Meinck HM, Wildemann B. Parainfectious opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: high dose intravenous immunoglobulins are effective. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(2):279-280.
  16. Hsiung GY, Das 1. SK, Ranawaya R, Lafontaine AL, Suchowersky O. Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A in treatment of various movement disorders over a 10-year period. Mov Disord 2002;17(6):1288-1293.
  17. Deuschl G, Lohle E, Heinen F, Lucking C. Ear click in palatal tremor: its origin and treatment with botulinum toxin. Neurology 1991;41(10):1677-1679.
  18. Polo KB, Jabbari B. Effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin. Mov Disord 1994;9(2):233-235.
  19. Lagueny A, Tison F, Burbaud P, Le Masson G, Kien P. Stimulus-sensitive spinal segmental myoclonus improved with injections of botulinum toxin type A. Mov Disord 1999;14(1):182-185.
  20. Martinez MS, Fontoira M, Celester G, Castro del Rio M, Permuy J, Iglesias A. Myoclonus of peripheral origin: case secondary to a digital nerve lesion. Mov Disord 2001;16(5):970-974.
  21. Daniel DG, Webster DL. Spinal segmental myoclonus. Successful treatment with cervical spinal decompression. Arch Neurol 1984;41(8):898-899.
  22. Trottenberg T, Meissner W, Kabus C, et al. Neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in inherited myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Mov Disord 2001;16(4):769-771.
  23. Kupsch A, Trottenberg T, Meissner W, Funk T. Neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus alleviates hereditary essential myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67(3):415-416.
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