Parkinson's Disease
Nonpharmacologic Treatments
A wide variety of problems in PD may respond to nonpharmacological treatments. These include:
- Motor, balance, posture, gait, and mobility
- Difficulties with activities of daily living (ADL)
- Speech and swallowing
- Inadequate nutrition
- Sleep disturbance
- Pain
- Constipation
- Sexual dysfunction
- Depression
In all cases, an individualized approach is needed to identify the problems and determine a treatment plan. Multiple members of the treatment team—physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, gerontologists, neurologists, psychologists, and others—may be involved. Effective treatment may reduce the need for medications and improve quality of life.
Physical and Occupational Therapy
Goals of physical therapy include maintaining or increasing activity levels, decreasing rigidity and bradykinesia, optimizing gait, and improving balance and motor coordination. Features of the PT program may include:
- Regular exercise, such as walking (1+ miles/day), swimming, golf, or dancing, depending on the patient's preferences and abilities
- Stretching and strengthening
- Exaggerated or patterned movements, such as high stepping and weight shifting
- Mobility aids, orthotics
- Training in transfer techniques
- Training in techniques to improve posture and walking
- Occupational therapy
Goals of occupational therapy include maximizing fine motor coordination, especially of the upper extremities, reducing energy expenditure, increasing safety and independence, and improving quality of life and efficiency of activities of daily living. Features of the OT program may include:
- Use of orthoses and adaptive equipment
- Home and workplace modification, such as improving accessibility and removing obstructions
- Adaptation and simplification of utensils, toileting articles, beds, etc.
Speech and swallowing
Hypophonia often occurs in PD and deserves specific attention from the treatment team. Several PD-specific voice training programs have been developed, which share an emphasis on consciously increasing voice volume as a key strategy. Other features may include modification of speech patterns such as use of shorter sentences, breathing exercises, and range-of-motion exercises for the muscles of speech.
Sialorrhea can be a feature of advanced PD. The genesis of the problem is not in increased saliva production, but reduced ability to swallow. Awareness of the problem, and consciously swallowing more often, may be effective. If not, treatments may include sublingual anticholinergics or botulinum toxin injection into the salivary glands.
Management of swallowing difficulties may include instructions to take smaller bites, to completely empty the mouth before taking the next bite, and eating softer foods.
Sexuality
Sexual dysfunction affects a large proportion of patients with PD and their spouses. Difficulties include erectile dysfunction in men, vaginal dryness in women, and loss of libido. Hypersexuality from dopaminergic drugs also occurs. Most PD patients will not volunteer these problems unless specifically asked. Sildenafil (Viagra®) has been shown to be safe and effective in men with PD to treat erectile dysfunction. Patients should always have a thorough urological or gynecological exam to rule out non-PD related causes.
Constipation
A good bowel regimen can greatly reduce constipation. Increased fluid intake, a diet rich in vegetables and fruits, use of stool softeners, and increased dietary and/or supplemental fiber are just some interventions that can help. Working with one's physician and/or a gastroenterologist is the approach to take.
Driving
PD patients tend to do worse than controls on tests of driving safety, because of increased reaction times and movement times caused by PD. Vehicular control skills are generally well preserved; however, attention to safety landmarks declines. A decline in vehicular performance correlates with worsening of motor abilities. Patients tend not to be good judges of their loss of driving safety and family members may need to intervene. A good way to determine driving capability is to have the patient undergo a driving examination at a rehabilitation facility.
