Pediatric Movement Disorders - Tics

Etiology

Tics:

• Primary (idiopathic): Tourette's syndrome (chronic motor and vocal tic disorder); chronic motor tic disorder; chronic vocal tic disorder; transient tic disorder


• Drug or toxin induced: stimulants (amphetamines, Ritalin, caffeine); carbamazepine; steroids; neuroleptics; carbon monoxide


• Para-infectious: Post-infectious autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus (PANDAS); post-encephalitis


• Other: Neuroacanthocytosis; Huntington's disease; Wilson's disease; pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration (PKAN, formerly Hallervorden-Spatz disease or NBIA-1); pervasive developmental disorder (autism spectrum)

Compulsions:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder; obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (frequent in Tourette's syndrome); anxiety disorder; panic disorder

Stereotypies:
Frequent in autism, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett syndrome, or other developmental delay. Stereotypies or automatisms may also occur in normal children when they are bored, excited, distracted, or upset.

Akathisia:
(Often drug-induced and may occur while taking the drug or when the drug is stopped.) Neuroleptic medications; antihistamines or other anticholinergic medications; stimulants; anti-emetics; tetrabenazine; reserpine; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); calcium channel blockers